GREAT HOT RIEFHID+

2011-06-21T02:05:00.001-07:00

PERTEMUAN 2
TRANSFER DATA

Alat dan Bahan

Microprocessor evaluator (Zilog Z80)

Tujuan

- Membiasakan pemakai dengan fungsi tranfer data

- Latihan menggeser nilai inisialisasi data

- Latihan menulis program, mengisi dan menjalankan

Dasar Teori

Kebanyakan operasi transfer data didapat dengan menggunakan instruksi LD(load). Data dapat ditransfer dalam unit-unit 8 bit atau 16 bit. Instruksi-instruksi seperti EX, EXX, PUSH dan POP juga dapat digunakan untuk mentransfer data 16 bit. Sedangkan instruksi LDI dan LDIR dapat dipakai untuk mentrasfer blok-blok data.

Suatu instruksi LD mencakup 2 operand. Operand pertama menunjukkan lokasi destination atau tujuan dan operand kedua menunjukkan source atau sumber.

kemungkinan transfer data yang terjadi :

memori ß register contoh LD (HL),A

memori ß memory contoh LDD

memori ß data contoh LD (HL),5Bh

Percobaan – Percobaan

Percobaan 1

Tulislah program dalam bahasa assembly untuk mengeset isi register-register sebagai berikut A = 00h, B = 01h, C = 02h, D = 03h, E = 04h, H = 05h, L = 06h (gunakan instruksi LD 8 bit untuk mentransfer satu byte di masing-masing register).

Langkah 1 : tulislah program dalam bahasa assembly. Instruksi terakhir RST38h akan mengembalikan kontrol uPro-1 pada program monitor setelah menjalankan seluruh program.

Langkah 2 : Dengan menggunakan tabel instruksi LD 8 bit, terjemahkan program kedalam bahasa mesin dengan 1800h sebagai alamat awal. Tuliskan alamat yang sesuai untuk tiap-tiap instruksi.

Langkah 3 : Siapkan mikrokomputer uPro-1 (mikroprossesor evaluator). Masukkan program dengan menekan tombol-tombol pada keypad. Periksa program yang tersimpan dalam memroy. Set PC(Program Counter) pada alamat awal, yaitu alamat 1800h. Dan jalankan programnya.

Langkah 4 : Tekan tombol REG dan periksalah apakah isi tiap-tiap register sudah benar. Bila masih ada kesalahan, kebalilah pada langkah 1 dan periksa lagi.

Address	Machine Code	Assembly
1800h	3E 00	LD A,00h
……..	……..	……..
……..	……..	……..
……..	FF	RST 38h

Percobaan 2

Tulislah program dimana bahasa assembly ntuk mengeset isi register-register sebagai berikut B = 12h, C = 34h, D = 56h, E = 78h, H = 9h, L = A (gunakan instruksi LD 16 bit untuk mentransfer dua byte di masing-masing register)

Langkah 1 : Sama dengan percobaan1 (tulis program dengan bahasa assembly).

Langkah 2 : Dengan menggunakan tabel instruksi LD 16 bit, terjemahkan program kedalam bahasa mesin dengan alamat awal 1820h.

Langkah 3 : (sama dengan percobaan 1) Set PC(Program Counter) pada alamat awal, yaitu alamat 1800h. Dan jalankan programnya.

Langkah 4 : Periksa isi pada masing-masing register (seperti percobaan 1).

catatan : suatu data 16 bit terdiri dari 2 byte data. Byte berorde tinggi berada pada alamat memori yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan byte berorde rendah berada pada alamat memori yang lebih rendah.Misalkan, data 16 bit 1234h disimpan pada alamat 1820h – 1821h dengan cara sebagai berikut :

Address	Machine Code	ASSEMBLY
1820h	01 34 12	LD BC,1234h
1823h	……..	……..
……..	……..	……..
……..	FF	RST 38h

Percobaan 3

Menulis program untuk menghapus isi memori pada alamat 1850h sampai 186Fh, penjelasan :

1. Jika kita menggunakan instruksi LD 8 bit untuk mentransfer setiap data ke tujuan masing-masing, akan diperlukan 32 (20h) kali pelaksanaan transfer data. Akan lebih mdah bila kita menggunakan metoda “loop” pada program kita.

2. Gunakan register B sbagai penghitung loop. Gnakan HL sebagai pennjuk alamat memori dan set alamat awal 1850h padaHL. HL ditambah dengan satu (incremented) dan B dikurangi dengan 1 (decremented) untuk setiap loop. Jika b=0, berarti semua loop telah dilaksanakan. Jika sebaliknya (B ≠ 0), loop diulang lagi.

3. Programnya adalah sebagai berikut

Address	Machine Code	Label	Assembly
1820h	……..	……..	LD B,20h
……..	……..	……..	LD HL,1850H
……..	……..	……..	XOR A
……..	……..	LOOP	LD (HL),A
……..	……..	……..	INC HL
……..	……..	……..	DEC B
……..	……..	……..	JR NZ,LOOP
……..	FF	……..	RST 38h

Terjemahkan program contoh diatas kedalam bahasa mesin dan isikan ke RAM evaluator. Jalankan program danperiksa apakah isi alamat 1850h -186Fh telah terhapus (= 0). Jika belum benar, periksa sekali lagi, lalu jalankan lagi.

Percobaan 4

Tulislah suatu program dam bahasa assembly untuk mengeset alamat memori 1840h-184Fh sebagai berikut : 0, 1, 2, ….., F. (Petunjuk : ubahlah penghitung loop dan nilai alamat awalnya. Register A ditambah dengan 1 pada loop berikutnya).

PERTEMUAN 1 PRAKTIKUM MIKROPROSSESSOR

2011-06-21T02:00:00.000-07:00

PERTEMUAN 1
PENGENALAN ALAT DAN TOMBOL FUNGSI

Alat dan Bahan

Microprocessor evaluator (Zilog Z80)

Tujuan

- Mengenalakan alat Microprocessor evaluator (Zilog Z80).

- Mengenalkan tombol-tombol fungsi

- Mengetahui register-register z80

Dasar Teori

Z80 evaluator adalah komputer mini berbasiskan mikroprosesor/prosesor 8-bit, yaitu mikroprosesor z80. Dengan rincian spesifikasi alat :

¡ Z80 CPU

CPU Z80 dari Zilog yang mempunyai 158 instruksi dan clock maksimum sebesar 2.5Mhz. Untuk uPro-1 ini menggunakan clock sebesar 1,79Mhz.

¡ ROM : EPROM 27256 (32 Kbyte)

EPROM yang digunakan dengan type 27256 yang mempunyai memori sebesar 32Kbyte. Alamat 0000h-17FFh.

¡ RAM : 6116 (2Kbyte), alamat 1800h -1FFFh

Ram yang digunakan adalah RAM dengan type 6116 yang mempunyai memory sebesar 2Kbyte, alamat 1800h -1FFFh

¡ PORT I/O : PPI (8255 ) dg jalur paralel 24, PIO z80 & CTC.

- PPI 8255 dengan jumlah jalur I/O paralel sebanyak 24. Terdiri dari port A, port B, dan port C. Masing-masing port mempunyai 8 jalur paralel. Alamat I/O berturut-turut PORT A, B, C & Control Word adalah 00h, 01h, 02h & 03h

- PIO z80 : dengan total jalur I/O parallel sebangyak 16. Alamat I/O berturut-turut PORT A, B, Control port A & Control port B adalah 80h, 81h, 82h, dan 83h.

- CTC dengan 4 counter timer yang berdiri sendiri. Alamat I/O berturut-turut CTC 0, 1, 2 , & 3 adalah 40h, 41h, 42, & 43h.

¡ DISPLAY : 6 buah/baris seven segmen berwarna merah.

¡ SPEAKER : speaker dengan diameter 1,6”, daya maksimum 0,3W, dan impedansi dalam sebesar 4Ω.

¡ POWER SUPLY 5V.

¡ AUDIO TAPE INTERFACE (MIC dan EAR).

¡ KEYPAD : 19 tombol fungsi, 16 tombol hexa, dan 1 tombol user key.

Setiap pemrograman mikroprossesor, kita harus mengetahui fungsi-fungsi masing-masing kaki dan fungsi masing-masing register. Dan z80 sendiri mempunyai register-register 8 bit, dapat juga digunakan secara berpasangan sebesar 16 bit, dengan catatan harus dengan pasangan masing-masing register seperti gambar dibawah ini :

Mikroprosesor Evaluator ini mempunyai 19 tombol fungsi, 16 tombol hexa, dan 1 tombol user key, penjelasan untuk 19 tombol fungsi pada alat adalah sebagai berikut :

RS : Reset Sistem
ADDR : set alamat memori
REG : set nama register
DATA : Memasukkan data
PC : Memanggil Program counter
+ : Menambah alamat memori/Register dg satu
- : Mengurangi alamat memori/Register dg satu
STE P : menjalankan program pemakai
SBR : Set Break Point
CBR : Menghilangkan Break Point
MONI : Menghentikan Program Seketika
GO : Menjalankan program
INS : Menyisipkan data ke memori (1 byte)
DEL : Menghapus data dari memori (1 Byte)

MOVE : Memindahkan blok data dari 1 area ke area lain
RELA : Menghitung alamat relatif
TAPE WR : Menyimpan data memori ke audio tape recorder
TAPE RD : Mengambil data dari audio tape recorder
INTR : Maskable interrupt, dihbungkan dengan kaki INT dari CPU

Dan 16 tombol hexa (tombol yang berwarna putih), setiap tombol tersusun menjadi 2 buah fungsi, . Barisan yang paling atas berfungsi untuk operasi register sedangkan barisan yang paling bawah berfungsi untuk operasi bilangan hexa.

Barisan alamat RAM dan ROM, bisa tergambarkan menjadi seperti :

ADDRESS (2 Byte)	DATA (Machine Code, 1Byte)	TAMPILAN 7 SEGMEN (6 Byte) (‘address’ ‘data’)
0000h	XXh	ADDRESS DATA
Rentang Alamat ROM	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
Rentang Alamat ROM	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
17FFh	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1800h	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
Rentang Alamat RAM	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
Rentang Alamat RAM	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1FFFh	XXh	__.__.__.__ __.__.

Sedangkan representasi pada 7 segmen bisa digambarkan menjadi :

4 digit menunjukkan alamat

2 digit menunjukkan data

Data reg A

Data reg B

Percobaan – Percobaan

Percobaan 1

Cobalah mengisikan data(bahasa mesin) pada alamat dibawah ini :

Address	Machine Code
1820h	01h

Proses yang dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut :

Langkah	TOMBOL	TAMPILAN 7 SEGMEN (6 Byte) (‘address’ ‘data’)
1	RS	__.__.__.__ __.__.
2	ADDR	__.__.__.__ __.__.
3	1	__.__.__.__ __.__.
4	8	__.__.__.__ __.__.
5	2	__.__.__.__ __.__.
6	0	__.__.__.__ __.__.
7	DATA	__.__.__.__ __.__.
8	0	__.__.__.__ __.__.
9	1	__.__.__.__ __.__.
Ket : untuk keterangan fungsi tombol bisa dilihat di dasar teori

Petunjuk : lakukan langkah diatas dan tulislah karakter yang muncul di display 7 segmen pada tiap-tiap langkah.

Percobaan 2

Isikan alamat-alamat pada data-data sebagai berikut :

ALAMAT	DATA	TAMPILAN 7 SEGMEN (6 Byte) (‘address’ ‘data’)
1801h	AFh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1802h	BCh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1803h	08h	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1804h	3Eh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1805h	80h	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1806h	0Eh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
1807h	FFh	__.__.__.__ __.__.
Ket : cara mengisikan alamat dan data ada di percobaan 1, untuk mengisikan data pada alamat selanjutnya hanya tinggal menekan tombol ‘+’ lalu masukkan datanya

Percobaan 3

Konversikan bahasa mnemonic dibawah ini ke dalam bahasa mesin. Lalu isikan ke dalam z80 evaluator. Dan jalankan program.

ALAMAT	Mnemonic / Machine Code	BAHASA ASSEMBLY
1801h	3E 05	LD A,05h
1802h	.… ….	INC A
1803h	.… ….	LD B,A
1804h	.… ….	INC B
1805h	.… ….	ADD A,B
1806h	.… ….	LD C,A
1807h	.… ….	RST 08
Ket : - Konversi dari bahasa menemonic ke bahasa mesin gunakan tabel konversi - Cara menjalankan program yaitu Masuk ke alamat awal program Tekan tombol ‘GO’

TUTORIAL ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER and sains knowledgement

2010-04-07T19:46:00.000-07:00

Hy guys, I think i need many of tutorials for microcontroller. today, i founded a website link for learn it, I think you need to look it, bacause i will look it again for learn about microcontroller. if you want to do it, i'll give that link for you, you can click http://www.mytutorialcafe.com/ but thats location is using an indonesian language. so its be come true for the indonesian people.

And I think, I need to look www.forumsains.com, that is any one website for ispiration to me, if I do it, i think u will do it to ,,, ^-^ remember it..

image enrollment to blog uii

2010-04-03T19:47:00.000-07:00

http://greatriefhid.blogspot.com/2010/04/uii-blog-contest.html

home work mobile aplications programming

2010-04-03T19:23:00.000-07:00

MOBILE APLICATIONS PROGRAMMING

- Connected limited device – (CLDC)

- Alert.setString

- (April 03^rd, 2010) Home Work :

o Menu Level 1 (List Implicit)

1. Judul Film (List Implicit)

· Avatar

· GI Joe

· UP In The Air

2. Kontak (List Excutive)

· Email

· Facebook

· Yahoo

3. Jacwal (List Multiple)

· Senin

· Selasa

· Rabo

· Kamis

· Jum’at

· Sabtu

4. Info Alert

UII BLOG CONTEST

2010-04-03T19:20:00.000-07:00

Theme Of Contest

"Mendefinisikan Perguruan Tinggi Idaman"

Enrollment / Pendaftaran

· Pendaftaran artikel blog dimulai dari tanggal 21 Desember 2009 sd. 2 Mei 2010.

· Peserta kompetisi adalah pemilik blog itu sendiri. Peserta tidak dapat mengusulkan blog orang lain.

· Daftarkan artikel di: http://blog.kompetisi.uii.ac.id

· Cantumkan Official Banner "Lomba Blog Universitas Islam Indonesia" di halaman utama atau sidebar blog anda (Wajib pilih salah satu) :

image

· Add website UII (www.uii.ac.id) sebagai friends di blogroll/bloglinks dengan nama Universitas Islam Indonesia.

· Lengkapi identitas pemilik blog (nama, nickname, alamat blog, email, lokasi/alamat, no telp/HP, pekerjaan) ketika mendaftarkan artikel.

Criteria Of Article

· Quality of Post Article.

· Kesesuaian dengan tema, syarat, dan ketentuan lomba.

· Easier to find blog location.

· Originality of Article.

· Creativity or unique of article that have education concept.

· Value/nilai kemanfaatan dari artikel yang didaftarkan.

Price of the winner :

Juara I	Netbook
Juara II	BlackBerry
Juara III	Ipod
Juara Harapan (3Pemenang)	Ipod

(Dengan total hadiah senilai Rp. 15.000.000,- )

For more informations click http://blog.kompetisi.uii.ac.id

Downloader of Mikrocontroller AT89S51/52

2010-03-31T19:16:00.000-07:00

i think this posting useful for anyone who need it. this is a scheme of downloader of mikrocontroller of AT89S51/52, i thing anyone need it bacause i need it too. i take this reference from http://bram-iy.web.ugm.ac.id/?p=18 and this is link of image http://www.bram-iy.web.ugm.ac.id/file/downloader.jpg. this resource is useful on interfaceing between microcontroller and pc. network of both is send a cource code programming from pc to microcontroller.

picture Mikrocontroller of AT89S51/52 downloader, i think by ugm great studen.

Timer Shutdown 4.2 aplications

2009-06-01T04:44:00.000-07:00

hallow bro… i have application timer to shutdown computer … a kind of timer lah… and equiped with screen saver. initially sich this application wants kupake self but cave share aza lah… when do i think me want nyalain my company just for music approach tidur…. and when shall i sleep so my company die sendiri… gitu… gimana ci manner ngomong, , confused i, yes the main gitu lah…. there plus screen saver when am i display bored desktop. . trus can menransparansi when at collapse. . let ga ngganggu when do i pake to pelem hehehe….

but there it is important to know

" when timer walk don't button help, about and whoa then exit: cos can restar timer udah you set… may be kalo sempet i improve kalo task udah finished: . . again.

" best save all document, to awake and to simplify process shutdown when time out udah nol…

" this application walks at xp. . to 98 and of the same nation it kagak support because kagak there shutdown. exe at system-.

" at set timer click option button that chosen set timer he is new mengisi… let ga dank dunk mellu… bug this also not yet i am perbaika because kagak sempet…

" and to source code at some time may be end this month cos i am ga sempet make it.

" and this program me makes with language basic, vbp he is ga i am upload cos slow man to upload… economical bandwidth…. but i am promise certain i am upload

Applications first viewing

Interface when collapse

lha to donlot you can download to click on here… at ziddu.com………. sworie rather ribet coz let adsense laku… hehehe…. n sworie also kalo this is me upload menziddu, hehehe… cave kagak maksa to donlot this file is kok……

Sorry I can speak English good n kacau gitu deah…
For Indonesian language go this site

Seo Contest On Networking Public (more than $5000 of PRIZES)

2009-04-27T01:39:00.000-07:00

At february 2009 a site publicated to seo contest and use google search engine for criteria to give value, with key words is "Kampanye Damai Pemilu Indonesia 2009", using indonesian language or english language. criteria to be the winner must be 10th and before 2009 april 01. you can know other information in this site pogung177.com.

Lists of the winner's gife are :

1st Prize: Rp 5.000.000 + 16Gb USB drive
2nd Prize: Rp 2.000.000 + 8 Gb USB drive
3rd Prize: Rp 1.000.000 + 8 Gb USB drive
4th Prize: 8 Gb USB drive
5th Prize: 8 Gb USB drive
6th Prize: 4 Gb USB drive
7th Prize: 4 Gb USB drive
8th Prize: 4 Gb USB drive
9th Prize: 4 Gb USB drive
10th Prize: 4 Gb USB drive

Be spirint for this seo contest in "Kampanye Damai Pemilu Indonesia 2009" with google .co.id for machine searh ingine. and be the winner..

Good Luck and God Bless you.

Prevent Virus Autorun.inf make the Super Autorun

2009-04-18T04:44:00.000-07:00

SOURCE FROM :
http://computer-semin.blogspot.com/2009/03/prevent-virus-autoruninf-make-super.html

Continuing the previous any posts about Secure dummy file with the flash and with flash format type NTFS, this time it will continue on the technical protection of the flash drive or a virus or program that will create the file Autorun.inf, simple program with Super Autorun. So it can be expected to reduce the spread of the virus.
I had doubts the effectiveness of this way, because it thinks it easy for viruses to change, delete, and create a new autorun.inf file.
Some of this information I can after reading one of any posts in the blog WinPowerTips. Indeed, with only the file autorun.inf to make it, even though the system hidden attribute will be easily overcome by the virus. But there is described with three levels and the result is not easy to delete the file and try to make the virus Autorun.inf file with the usual way will fail.

The following short explanation of the level 3 (stages) to prevent the virus to create / modify the Autorun.inf file:
1. Prevent the virus to create the autorun.inf file on how to create a folder Autorun.inf. Because if you already have this folder then the Autorun.inf file will not be made.
2. Prevent virus remove Autorun.inf folder (with the usual way) by adding Unicode files inside. This fact can make the virus or error programmernya close if not overcome with good.
3. Prevents users Removing Autorun.inf folder with the folder not terhapuskan. Such as Microsoft own explanation that sometimes we can not remove file / folder name if the name is invalid (disability).
Explanation about the length of each level, please visit the blog directly the IT Guy is. Because there are also many tips-other interesting tips.
However, with 3 levels itupun, if virusnya (the virus) and the jelly can still overcome the virus and can still create Autorun.inf file to transmit itself.
Super Autorun
Provided in the blog file vbs (visual basic script), to create Autorun.inf folders and folders that are not [easily] terhapuskan (phases 1 and 3) to phase 2 (make the file unicode) we have to create your own.
After reading the article, I tried googling further information (details) about this, and finally, I try (inspired) to make the file a simple, small and easy to use anyone else associated with this. The result? Super Autorun

File size is only about 24 KB, no need to install the. Consistent with its name, aims to create a folder / file-specific, to prevent the virus (easily) create, modify or delete the file Autorun.inf. This file using additional special techniques, so that it can not be easily removed, or modified by direname virus. For unicode file, not included in this program.

Use Super Autorun

This program is very easy to use, run the live file, then select the drive that will be used as a target or choose "Select all drives" to select all drives, then click Create Autorun.inf, If you already have a file / folder Autorun.inf then this program will try immediately remove, and create new ones. If you are successful, please try to delete, rename, edit, open this folder in any way.

So essentially, this program will create Autorun.inf folders that are not easy to erase, or rename the modifications, so that viruses or other programs can not create file Autorun.inf.

In order to succeed, then the flash drive or to be made must bertipe NTFS. To Flashdisk, because the default Windows Explorer does not have the menu to format NTFS, I can read any posts before mem-Tips Flashdisk format with NTFS file system

YOU CAN FIND IN :
http://www.topshareware.com/free-download-super-autorun-2.0.1/downloads/1.htm
http://www.filebuzz.com/findsoftware/Super_Autorun/1.html
OR YOU CAN DOWNLOAD :
http://www.topshareware.com/free-download-super-autorun-2.0.1/downloads/1.htm

Note: This technique is not to prevent the virus to duplicate itself flash, only to prevent the virus mambuat file Autorun.inf, so it does not spread to the computer without us. Perhaps the future can be combined with comprehensive protection creating dummy files protected with Super Autorun to protect the flash. If you want to delete the folder had autorun.inf, can use the software Unlocker

Says About Google Chrome

2009-03-16T17:56:00.000-07:00

Paul Zucker says

http://www.pcuser.com.au/pcuser/hs2.nsf/lookup+1/0FE5CB237D67D0A7CA2574B9000A81C6

New Open Source Browser Combines Simple User-Interface with Sophisticated Technology

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA – September 3, 2008 – Google Inc. today launched Google Chrome, a new open source browser intended to create a better web experience for users around the world. Available in beta in more than 40 languages, Google Chrome is a new approach to the browser that's based on the simplicity and power that users have come to expect from Google products.

In the early days of the Internet, web pages were frequently little more than text. But today the web has evolved into a powerful platform that enables users to collaborate with friends and colleagues through email and other web applications, edit documents, watch videos, listen to music, manage finances and much more. Google Chrome was built for today's web and for the applications of tomorrow.

"We think of the browser as the window to the web – it's a tool for users to interact with the web sites and applications they care about, and it's important that we don't get in the way of that experience," said Sundar Pichai, Vice President of Product Management, Google Inc. "Just like the classic Google homepage, Google Chrome has a simple user interface with a sophisticated core to enable the modern web."

Making the web experience better for users

Google Chrome was designed to make it easy for users to search and navigate the web for the content they're looking for.

- A combined search and address bar quickly takes users where they want to go, often in just a few keystrokes.

- When users open a new tab in Google Chrome, they'll see a page that includes snapshots of their most-visited sites, recent searches and bookmarks, making it even easier to navigate the web.

Google Chrome was engineered to deliver a seamless web experience for users. At its core is a multi-process platform that helps provide users with enhanced stability and security.

- Each browser tab operates as a separate process; by isolating tabs, should one tab crash or misbehave, others remain stable and responsive, and users can continue working without having to restart Google Chrome.

- Google also built a new JavaScript engine, V8, that not only speeds up today's web applications, but enables a whole new class of web applications that couldn't exist on today's browsers.

Contributing to the innovation of browsers through openness

"While we see this as a fundamental shift in the way people think about browsers, we realise that we couldn't have created Google Chrome on our own," said Linus Upson, Director of Engineering, Google Inc. "Google Chrome was built upon other open source projects that are making significant contributions to browser technology and have helped to spur competition and innovation."

To further advance the openness of the web, Google Chrome is being released as an open source project. The intent is that Google will help make future browsers better by contributing the underlying technology in Google Chrome to the market, while continuing to develop additional features.

How to get Google Chrome

Google Chrome is being released in beta for Windows and can be downloaded at www.google.com/chrome. Google Chrome for Mac and Linux users will be available in the coming months. For more information on the open source project, Chromium, visit www.chromium.org.

Prayer reminder in Mozilla Firefox

2009-03-13T15:31:00.000-07:00

For those of you who frequent browsing (exploring) the virtual world with Mozilla Firefox, so if there is no reminder, could forget the time when prayer has been entered. Among the benefits of Firefox is support Add-ons (additional functions) that there are so many. One of them is a prayer reminder.
One of the add-ons that are quite useful Pray Times!, Prayer reminder for Firefox.
Pray Times! calculation algorithm using a similar (possibly the same) with a prayer reminder application, such as Shollu, Azan Times and others. So if Shollu have been using, then look almost the same time.

What are the features of Pray Times!
* Different methods of prayer time calculation
* Information within the time prayer
* Automatic azan voice or other audio when the time comes
* Support various places in the world
* The calculation of local (does not need internet connection)
* Display information prayer time when the mouse on the area of Pray Times!
* Not limited Operating System that is used, which use web browser Mozilla Firefox
* Various options (calculation) that can be entered manually
* Available jadwan monthly prayer time

quoted by:
SUPRIYANTO
http://computer-semin.blogspot.com/

Ancillary equipment used by networks

2009-01-14T18:16:00.000-08:00

To keep a network operating, to diagnose failures or degradation, and to circumvent problems, networks may have a wide-ranging amount of ancillary equipment.

Providing Electrical Power

Individual network components may have surge protectors - an appliance designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes. Surge protectors attempt to regulate the voltage supplied to an electric device by either blocking or shorting to ground voltage

above a safe threshold

Beyond the surge protector, network elements may have uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), which can be anywhere from a line-charged battery to take the element through a brief power dropout, to an extensive network of generators and large battery banks that can protect the network for hours or days of commercial power outages. A network as simple as two computers linked with a crossover cable has several points at which the network could fail: either network interface, and the cable. Large networks, without careful design, can have many points at which a single failure could disable the network.

When networks are critical the general rule is that they should have no single point of failure. The broad factors that can bring down networks, according to the Software Engineering Institute [6] at Carnegie-Mellon University:

1. Attacks: these include software attacks by various miscreants (e.g., malicious hackers, computer criminals) as well as physical destruction of facilities.

2. Failures: these are in no way deliberate, but range from human error in entering commands, bugs in network element executable code, failures of electronic components, and other things that involve deliberate human action or system design.

3. Accidents: Ranging from spilling coffee into a network element to a natural disaster or war that destroys a data center, these are largely unpredictable events. Survivability from severe accidents will require physically diverse, redundant facilities. Among the extreme protections against both accidents and attacks are airborne command posts and communications relays[7], which either are continuously in the air, or take off on warning. In like manner, systems of communications satellites may have standby spares in space, which can be activated and brought into the constellation.

Dealing with Power Failures

One obvious form of failure is the loss of electrical power. Depending on the criticality and budget of the network, protection from power failures can range from simple filters against excessive voltage spikes, to consumer-grade Uninterruptible Power Supplies(UPS) that can protect against loss of commercial power for a few minutes, to independent generators with large battery banks. Critical installations may switch from commercial to internal power in the event of a brownout,where the voltage level is below the normal minimum level specified for the system. Systems supplied with three-phase electric power also suffer brownouts if one or more phases are absent, at reduced voltage, or incorrectly phased. Such malfunctions are particularly damaging to electric motors. Some brownouts, called voltage reductions, are made intentionally to prevent a full

power outage.

Some network elements operate in a manner to protect themselves and shut down gracefully in the event of a loss of power. These might include noncritical application and network management servers, but not true network elements such as routers. UPS may provide a signal called the "Power-Good" signal. Its purpose is to tell the computer all is well with the power supply and that the computer can continue to operate normally. If the Power-Good signal is not present, the computer shuts down. The Power-Good signal prevents the computer from attempting to operate on improper voltages and damaging itself

To help standardize approaches to power failures, the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification is an open industry standard first released in December 1996 developed by HP, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix and Toshiba that defines common interfaces for hardware recognition, motherboard and device configuration and power management

Monitoring and Diagnostic Equipment

Networks, depending on their criticality and the skill set available among the operators, may have a variety of temporarily or permanently connected performance measurement and diagnostic equipment. Routers and bridges intended more for the enterprise or ISP market than home use, for example, usually record the amount of traffic and errors experienced on their interfaces. Diagnostic equipment, to isolate failures, may be nothing more complicated than a spare piece of equipment. If the problem disappears when the spare is manually replaced, the problem has been diagnosed. More sophisticated and expensive installations will have spare elements that can automatically replace a failed unit. Failures can be made transparent to user computers with techniques such as the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), as specified in RFC 3768.

Building a simple computer network

2008-11-13T18:28:00.000-08:00

A simple computer network may be constructed from two computers by adding a network
adapter (Network Interface Controller (NIC)) to each computer and then connecting them
together with a special cable called a crossover cable. This type of network is useful for
transferring information between two computers that are not normally connected to each
other by a permanent network connection or for basic home networking applications.
Alternatively, a network between two computers can be established without dedicated
extra hardware by using a standard connection such as the RS-232 serial port on both
computers, connecting them to each other via a special crosslinked null modem cable.
Practical networks generally consist of more than two interconnected computers and
generally require special devices in addition to the Network Interface Controller that each
computer needs to be equipped with. Examples of some of these special devices are hubs,
switches and routers.

Routers

2008-11-11T19:21:00.000-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Routers

Routers are the networking device that forward data packets along networks by using
headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. Routers
work at the network layer of the TCP/IP model or layer 3 of the OSI model. Routers also
provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media (RFC 1812) This is
accomplished by examining the Header of a data packet, and making a decision on the
next hop to which it should be sent (RFC 1812) They use preconfigured static routes,
status of their hardware interfaces, and routing protocols to select the best route between
any two subnets. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or
WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Some DSL and cable modems, for home use,
have been integrated with routers to allow multiple home computers to access the
Internet.

Hubs

2008-11-11T19:12:00.003-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Hubs

hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to all the ports of the hub. When the packets are copied, the destination address in the frame does not change to a broadcast address. It does this in a rudimentary way, it simply copies the data to all of the Nodes connected to the hub.

Switches

2008-11-11T19:12:00.002-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Switches

Switches are a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.

Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but multilayer switching is simply not a realworld design concept.

Bridges

2008-11-11T19:12:00.001-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Bridges

Network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do. but learns which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.

Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.

Bridges come in three basic types :
1. Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
2. Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between
LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end
networks, largely have been replaced by routers.
3. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.

Repeaters

2008-11-11T19:12:00.000-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Repeaters

repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation.
Because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the data being transmitted, they operate on the Physical layer, the first layer of the OSI model.

Network Interface Cards

2008-11-11T19:11:00.000-08:00

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network
Network Interface Cards

A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a lowlevel addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network

2008-11-11T19:06:00.000-08:00

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.11) or optical cable ("optical fiber").

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network :
Network Interface Cards
Repeaters
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers

By protocol

2008-11-10T18:30:00.000-08:00

Computer network_(part2)
By protocol

Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol that is being used on the network. See the articles on List of network protocol stacks and List of network protocols for more information. For a development of the foundations of protocol design see Srikant 2004 and Meyn 2007

Wikipedia.com

By network topology

2008-11-10T18:27:00.000-08:00

Computer network_(part2)
By network topology

Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Starbus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc.

Network Topology signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is significant. That is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a Bus Topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout.

Author : KAREN

By functional relationship (Network Architectures)

2008-11-10T18:25:00.000-08:00

Computer network_(part2)
By functional relationship (Network Architectures)

Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist between the elements of the network, for example Active Networking, Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures.

Author : KAREN

By connection method

2008-11-10T18:20:00.000-08:00

Computer network_(part2)
By connection method

Computer networks may be classified according to the hardware technology that is used to connect the individual devices in the network such as Optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, or Power line communication.
Ethernets use physical wiring to connect devices. Often, they employ the use of hubs, switches, bridges, and routers.
Wireless LAN technology is built to connect devices without wiring. These devices use a radio frequency to connect.

Author : KAREN

By scale

2008-11-10T18:10:00.000-08:00

Computer network_(part2)
By scale

Computer networks may be classified according to the scale: Personal area network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), or Wide area network (WAN). As Ethernet increasingly is the standard interface to networks, these distinctions are more important to the network administrator than the end user. Network administrators may have to tune the network, based on delay that derives from distance, to achieve the desired Quality of Service (QoS). The primary difference in the networks is the size.
Controller Area Networks are a special niche, as in control of a vehicle's engine, a boat's electronics, or a set of factory robots.

Author : KAREN

Computer network_(part2)

2008-11-10T17:59:00.000-08:00

A computer network is an interconnection of a group of computers. Networks may be classified by what is called the network layer at which they operate according to basic reference models considered as standards in the industry such as the four-layer Internet Protocol Suite model. While the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is better known in academia, the majority of networks use the Internet Protocol Suite (IP) as their network model.
By scale
By connection method
By functional relationship (Network Architectures)
By network topology
By protocol

Author : KAREN

OSI Model

2008-11-02T01:15:00.000-07:00

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model provides a set of international rules and standard to allow any system obeying these protocols to communicate with other systems that use them. These protocols are arranged in seven separate but interconnected layers, each dealing with a different aspect of the communication. Among other things, this allows hardware, like routers and firewalls, to focus on the particular aspect of communication that applies to them, and ignore other parts.
The seven OSI layers are as :

1. Physical layer
This layer deals with the physical connection between two points. This is the lowest layer, and its major role is communicating raw bit streams. This layer is also responsible for activating, maintaining, and deactivating these bit-stream communications.
2. Data link layer
This layer deals with actually transferring data between two points. The physical layer takes care of sending the raw bits, but this layer provides high-level function, such as error correction and flow control. This layer also provides procedures for activating, maintaining, and deactivating data-link connections.
3. Network layer
This layer works as a middle ground, and its key role is to pass information between lower and higher layers. It provides addressing and routing.
4. Transport layer
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between systems. By providing a means to reliably communicate data, this layer allows the higher layers to worry about other things besides reliable or cost-effective means of data transmission.
5. Session layer
This is layer responsible for establishing and then maintaining connections between network applications.
6. Presentation layer
This layer is responsible for presenting the data to applications in a syntax or language they understands. This allows for things like encryption and data compression.
7. Application layer
This layer is concerned with keeping track of the requirements of the application.

When data is communicated through these protocols, it’s sent in small pieces called packets. Each packet contains implementations of these protocols in layers. Starting from the application layer, the packet wraps these protocol in layers. Starting from the application layer, the packet wraps the presentation layer around that data, which wraps the session layer around that, which wrap the transport layer, and so forth. This process is called encapsulation. Each wrapped layer contains a header and a body. The header contains the protocol information needed for that layer, while the body contains the data for that layer. The body of one layer contains the entire package of previously encapsulated layer, like the skin of an onion or the functional contexts found on a program stack.

When two applications exiting on two different private networks communicate across the Internet, the data packets are encapsulated down to the physical layer where they are passed to a router. Because the router isn't concerned with What 's actually in the packets, it only needs to implement protocols up to the network layer. The router sends the packets out to the Internet, where they reach the other network's router. This router then encapsulates this packet with the lower-layer protocol header needed for the packet to reach its final destination. This process is shown in the following illustration.

the process can be though of as an intricate interoffice bureaucracy, reminiscent of the movie Brazil, At each layer is a highly specialized receptionist who only understands the language and protocol of that layer. as data packets are transmitted, each receptionist performs the necessary duties of her particular layer, puts the packet in an interoffice envelope, writes the header on the outside, and passes it on to the receptionist at the next layer. This receptionist in turn performs the necessary duties of his layer, puts the entire envelope in another envelope, writes the header on the outside, and passes it on to the next receptionist.

each receptionist is only aware of the functions and duties of his or her layer. The roles and responsibilities are defnied in a strict protocol, eliminating he not be desirable for humans, but it's deal work for a computer. the creativity and intelligence of a human mind is better suited to the design of protocols such as these, the creation of programs that implement them, and the invention of hacks that use them to achieve interesting and unintended result. But as with any hack, an understanding of the rules of the system is needed before they can be put together in new ways.

What Is Networking Computer

2008-11-02T01:11:00.000-07:00

what is networking computer??,Networking is all about communication, and in order for two or more parties to properly communicate, standards and protocol are required. Just as speaking Japanese to someone who only understands English doesn’t really accomplish much in terms of communication, computer and other pieces of network hardware must speak the same language in order to communicate effectively. This means a set of standards must be laid out ahead of time to create this language. These standards actually consist of more than just the language- they also contain the rules of communication.

As an example, when a help desk support operator picks up the phone, information should be communicated and received in a certain order that follows protocol. The operator usually needs to ask for the caller’s name and the nature of the problem before transferring the call to the appropriate department. This is simply the way the protocol works, and any deviation from this protocol tends to be counterproductive.

Network communications has a standard set of protocol, too. These protocol are defined by the Open System Interconnection(OSI) reference model.

INFORMATION INTERVIEWING

2008-10-27T21:48:00.000-07:00

How is networking different from information interviewing?
Information interviewing is a piece of the networking process. In an information interview you have the opportunity to explore your field of interest through a structured conversation with someone already working in that field.
What do I need to know to have a successful information interview?
Sometimes the phrase “information interviewing” may sound uninviting to your network contacts as it sounds very similar to an “interview” for an employment position. You may wish to ask for an “information meeting” instead. Please remember to use the information interview as an opportunity to gather information and seek advice, not to ask outright for an internship or employment opportunity. It is often appropriate, however, to ask the person you speak with for advice on ways you might pursue employment or internship opportunities in your field of interest and give specifics about your search.
Getting Ready
Before you jump into this valuable exercise, you will need to have a solid understanding of who you are (self-assessment) and a basic understanding of your fields of interest (career exploration). If you have not explored these issues, please see a Career Services staff member to begin this process. Once you have started the career planning process, information interviewing can be extremely valuable. On the following page is a list of steps to help you arrange your information interviews.
Steps for Arranging your Information Interviews
1. Compile a list of questions that you would like answered
• There are sample questions at the end of this handout.
• Questions can also come from your self-assessment and career exploration activities.
• Try to use open-ended questions.
2. Arrange a meeting time
• Arrange a mutually convenient location or time. Try to meet the individual at his or her office, if possible.
• If the meeting is arranged in a public place, remember to provide a picture or professional description of yourself, so the professional can find you.
• A phone conversation is also appropriate. However, if in differing time zones, make sure to confirm the time he or she is available to talk.
3. Be prepared when you meet
• Prioritize your list of questions.
• Start with a topic that is easy to discuss and build rapport.
• Remember to listen! Avoid interrupting the person speaking.
• Make brief notes during the conversation.
• Give the professional the opportunity to ask you questions at the end of the conversation.
4. Send a thank you note
• Thank the professional for setting aside time to meet with you
• Mention one or two things that really stood out as valuable information that you gained

How do I start on Networking

2008-10-27T21:41:00.000-07:00

How do I start ????
Be Yourself!
It is completely natural to feel a little nervous talking with professionals you have never met. But, have confidence in the communication skills you have gained through classroom and life experiences and remember that most people enjoy the chance to help a college student.
Consider networking as an opportunity to gain even more communication skills, learn about your field of interest and meet area professionals. Networking conversations can go bad quickly if the person can tell you are more interested in gaining information like contact names than learning from the experience of the person to whom your are speaking. Be respectful and remember that you have much to learn from each person you meet.

The Art of Small Talk
Most networking begins through casual everyday conversation. Strike up a conversation with the people you meet in your normal routine. You never know who may have an aunt or a brother or a colleague in your field.

Why Is Networking Important.....

2008-10-27T20:10:00.000-07:00

According to a recent survey of the Department of Labor, networking accounts for at least 69% of all annual hires. Networking is an essential component of every job search. Throughout your life you will make networking contacts that develop into relationships including friends, colleagues, and professional prospects.

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Ancillary equipment used by networks

Building a simple computer network

Routers

Hubs

Switches

Bridges

Repeaters

Network Interface Cards

Basic Hardware Components for Computer Network

By protocol

By network topology

By functional relationship (Network Architectures)

By connection method

By scale

Computer network_(part2)

OSI Model

What Is Networking Computer

INFORMATION INTERVIEWING

How do I start on Networking

Why Is Networking Important.....

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